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中华人民共和国 | |
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| Anthem 义勇军进行曲 March of the Volunteers | |
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| Capital | Beijing |
| Government | Socialist republic |
| Paramount leader | |
| - 1949-1976 | Mao Zedong |
| - 1976-1978 | Hua Guofeng |
| - 1978-1989 | Deng Xiaoping |
| - 1989-2002 | Jiang Zemin |
| - 2002-2012 | Hu Jintao |
| - From 2012 | Xi Jinping |
| CCP leader | |
| - 1945-1976 | Mao Zedong |
| - 1976-1981 | Hua Guofeng |
| - 1981-1987 | Hu Yaobang |
| - 1987-1989 | Zhao Ziyang |
| - 1989-2002 | Jiang Zemin |
| - 2002-2012 | Hu Jintao |
| Legislature | National People's Congress |
| History | |
| - October 1, 1949 | People's Republic of China proclaimed |
| Area | 9,640,821 km² |
| Population | |
| - 2011 | 1,336,718,015 |
| Density | 138.6/km² |
| GDP | 2011 (PPP) |
| - Total | US$ 10,049.4 billion |
| - Per capita | US$ 7,518 |
| Currency | Chinese yuan |
 Republic of China
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The People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国) is a socialist republic in Asia.
Background
For centuries China stood as a leading civilization, outpacing the rest of the world in the arts and sciences, but in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest, major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World War II, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) under CCP chairman MAO Zedong established an autocratic socialist system that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, MAO's successor DENG Xiaoping and other paramount leaders focused on market-oriented economic development and by 2000 output had quadrupled. For much of the population, living standards have improved dramatically and the room for personal choice has expanded, yet political controls remain tight. China since the early 1990s has increased its global outreach and participation in international organizations.[1]
Economy
Since the late 1970s China has moved from a closed, centrally planned economic system to a more market-oriented one that plays a major role in the global economy - in 2010 China became the world's largest exporter. Reforms began with the phasing out of collectivized agriculture, and expanded to include the gradual liberalization of prices, fiscal decentralization, increased autonomy for state enterprises, creation of a diversified banking system, development of stock markets, rapid growth of the private sector, and opening to foreign trade and investment. China generally has implemented reforms in a gradualist fashion. In recent years, China has renewed its support for state-owned enterprises in sectors it considers important to "economic security," explicitly looking to foster globally competitive national champions. After keeping its currency tightly linked to the US dollar for years, in July 2005 China revalued its currency by 2.1% against the US dollar and moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies. From mid 2005 to late 2008 cumulative appreciation of the renminbi against the US dollar was more than 20%, but the exchange rate remained virtually pegged to the dollar from the onset of the global financial crisis until June 2010, when Beijing allowed resumption of a gradual appreciation. The restructuring of the economy and resulting efficiency gains have contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since 1978. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis that adjusts for price differences, China in 2010 stood as the second-largest economy in the world after the US, having surpassed Japan in 2001. The dollar values of China's agricultural and industrial output each exceeded those of the US; China was second to the US in the value of services it produced. Still, per capita income is below the world average. The Chinese government faces numerous economic development challenges, including: (a) reducing its high domestic savings rate and correspondingly low domestic demand; (b) sustaining adequate job growth for tens of millions of migrants and new entrants to the work force; (c) reducing corruption and other economic crimes; and (d) containing environmental damage and social strife related to the economy's rapid transformation. Economic development has progressed further in coastal provinces than in the interior, and approximately 200 million rural laborers and their dependents have relocated to urban areas to find work. One demographic consequence of the "one child" policy is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world. Deterioration in the environment - notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the north - is another long-term problem. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development. The Chinese government is seeking to add energy production capacity from sources other than coal and oil, focusing on nuclear and alternative energy development. In 2009, the global economic downturn reduced foreign demand for Chinese exports for the first time in many years, but China rebounded quickly, outperforming all other major economies in 2010 with GDP growth around 10%. The economy appears set to remain on a strong growth trajectory in 2011, lending credibility to the stimulus policies the regime rolled out during the global financial crisis. The government vows to continue reforming the economy and emphasizes the need to increase domestic consumption in order to make the economy less dependent on exports for GDP growth in the future, but China likely will make only marginal progress toward these rebalancing goals in 2011. Two economic problems China currently faces are inflation - which, late in 2010, surpassed the government's target of 3% - and local government debt, which swelled as a result of stimulus policies, and is largely off-the-books and potentially low-quality.[2]
Paramount leader
- Mao Zedong (₩) (October 1949 - September 1976)
- Hua Guofeng (₩) (September 1976 - December 1978)
- Deng Xiaoping (₩) (December 1978 - November 1989)
- Jiang Zemin (₩) (November 1989 - November 2002)
- Hu Jintao (₩) (November 2002 - November 2012)
- Xi Jinping (₩) (November 2012 - )
CCP leader
- Mao Zedong (₩) (June 1945 - October 1976)
- Hua Guofeng (₩) (October 1976 - June 1981)
- Hu Yaobang (₩) (June 1981 - January 1987)
- Zhao Ziyang (₩) (January 1987 - June 1989)
- Jiang Zemin (₩) (June 1989 - November 2002)
- Hu Jintao (₩) (November 2002 - November 2012)
- Xi Jinping (₩) (November 2012 - )
Nation
Chinese Polities
- {{Template loop detected: Template:中华人民共和国|flagyear/core}}
Chinese Soviet Republic (1931-1934)- Empire of China
Neighbouring Nations
- Afghanistan
- Bhutan
- Burma
- India
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Korea (North)
- Laos
- Mongolia
- Nepal
- Pakistan
- Russia
- Tajikistan
- Vietnammajor loosening of the policy was enacted in December 2013, allowing families to have two children if one parent is an only child. In 2016, the one-child policy was replaced in favor of a two-child policy. A three-child policy was announced on 31 May 2021, due to population aging, and in July 2021, all family size limits as well as penalties for exceeding them were removed. According to data from the 2020 census, China's total fertility rate is 1.3, but some experts believe that after adjusting for the transient effects of the relaxation of restrictions, the country's actual total fertility rate is as low as 1.1.
According to one group of scholars, one-child limits had little effect on population growth or the size of the total population. However, these scholars have been challenged. Their own counterfactual model of fertility decline without such restrictions implies that China averted more than 500 million births between 1970 and 2015, a number which may reach one billion by 2060 given all the lost descendants of births averted during the era of fertility restrictions, with one-child restrictions accounting for the great bulk of that reduction. The policy, along with traditional preference for boys, may have contributed to an imbalance in the sex ratio at birth. According to the 2010 census, the sex ratio at birth was 118.06 boys for every 100 girls, which is beyond the normal range of around 105 boys for every 100 girls. The 2010 census found that males accounted for 51.27 percent of the total population. However, China's sex ratio is more balanced than it was in 1953, when males accounted for 51.82 percent of the total population.
References
- China: a country study (Library of Congress)
- China: a country study (archive.org)
- China: Guide to Law Online (Library of Congress)
- China: Location Map 2013 (UN OCHA, PNG)
- The World Factbook (CIA)
- Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments (CIA)
- U.S. Department of State
- Australian Government
- Inter-Parliamentary Union - National People's Congress
- BBC News Country Profile
- BBC News Time Line
- World Statesmen.org
- International Constitutional Law Project
- Psephos Election Archive
- Wikipedia