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United States of America

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United States of America

Federation
Flag Coat of arms
Motto
In God We Trust
Anthem
The Star-Spangled Banner
Location of United States
Civil War:
Confederate States (1861-65)
Capital Washington, D.C.
Government Presidential republic
President
- 1789-1797 George Washington
- 1797-1801 John Adams
- 1801-1809 Thomas Jefferson
- 1809-1817 James Madison
- 1817-1825 James Monroe
- 1825-1829 John Quincy Adams
Legislature Congress
- Upper house Senate
- Lower house House of Representatives
History
- July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence
- July 4, 1960 Addition of Hawaii
- December 15, 1791 Bill of Rights
- May 5, 1865 Confederacy defeated
Area 9,826,675 km²
Population
- 2010 308,745,538
 Density 31.4/km²
GDP 2010 (PPP)
- Total US$ 14,727.4 billion
- Per capita US$ 47,701
Currency United States dollar
Flag of the United States (1959-1960) United States
v

The United States of America is a federation and a presidential republic located in North America.

History

Britain's American colonies broke with the mother country in 1776 and were recognized as the new nation of the United States of America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. The two most traumatic experiences in the nation's history were the Civil War (1861-65), in which a northern Union of states defeated a secessionist Confederacy of 11 southern slave states, and the Great Depression of the 1930s, an economic downturn during which about a quarter of the labor force lost its jobs. Buoyed by victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the US remains the world's most powerful nation state. Over a span of more than five decades, the economy has achieved steady growth, low unemployment and inflation, and rapid advances in technology.[1]

Politics

The United States is a liberal democracy with a federal political structure comprising 50 states and the District of Columbia. The federal government is characterised by a separation of the powers of the executive from the legislative and judicial functions. The constituent states have significant powers of self-government.

President

Heading the executive is a President elected every four years in a national contest by universal suffrage(for all over 18). A presidential election is held every fourth year, and though millions of Americans vote in the election, the President is not directly elected by the people. On the first Tuesday in November of every fourth year, the people elect the members of the Electoral College. Apportioned by population to the 50 states — one for each member of their congressional delegation (with the District of Columbia receiving three votes) — these Electors then cast the votes for the President. There are currently 538 electors in the Electoral College.

Congress

The legislature, known as the Congress, consists of the 100-member Senate and the 435-member House of Representatives. Senators are elected on a state basis and serve six year terms. Each state is represented by two Senators. Representatives are elected from single-member constituencies and serve two year terms. Congress has sole powers to make US federal legislation and appropriate financial outlays, and operates through a system of committees. Legislation must be approved by both chambers to become law. The President can veto legislation, but can be overridden by two-thirds majorities in both chambers.

Supreme Court

The Supreme Court is the highest judiciary body in the United States and leads the judicial branch of the US federal government. It consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and a number of Associate Justices decided by Congress. There are currently eight Associate Justices on the Supreme Court. The Justices are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Court is the highest tribunal in the nation for all matters arising under the Constitution and the laws of the United States. It has the authority to invalidate legislation or executive actions which it deems to conflict with the Constitution.[2]

Economy

The US has the largest and most technologically powerful economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $47,400. In this market-oriented economy, private individuals and business firms make most of the decisions, and the federal and state governments buy needed goods and services predominantly in the private marketplace. US business firms enjoy greater flexibility than their counterparts in Western Europe and Japan in decisions to expand capital plant, to lay off surplus workers, and to develop new products. At the same time, they face higher barriers to enter their rivals' home markets than foreign firms face entering US markets. US firms are at or near the forefront in technological advances, especially in computers and in medical, aerospace, and military equipment; their advantage has narrowed since the end of World War II. The onrush of technology largely explains the gradual development of a "two-tier labor market" in which those at the bottom lack the education and the professional/technical skills of those at the top and, more and more, fail to get comparable pay raises, health insurance coverage, and other benefits. Since 1975, practically all the gains in household income have gone to the top 20% of households. The war in March-April 2003 between a US-led coalition and Iraq, and the subsequent occupation of Iraq, required major shifts in national resources to the military. Soaring oil prices between 2005 and the first half of 2008 threatened inflation and unemployment, as higher gasoline prices ate into consumers' budgets. Imported oil accounts for about 60% of US consumption. Long-term problems include inadequate investment in economic infrastructure, rapidly rising medical and pension costs of an aging population, sizable trade and budget deficits, and stagnation of family income in the lower economic groups. The merchandise trade deficit reached a record $840 billion in 2008 before shrinking to $506 billion in 2009, and ramping back up to $630 billion in 2010. The global economic downturn, the sub-prime mortgage crisis, investment bank failures, falling home prices, and tight credit pushed the United States into a recession by mid-2008. GDP contracted until the third quarter of 2009, making this the deepest and longest downturn since the Great Depression. To help stabilize financial markets, the US Congress established a $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) in October 2008. The government used some of these funds to purchase equity in US banks and other industrial corporations, much of which had been returned to the government by early 2011. In January 2009 the US Congress passed and President Barack OBAMA signed a bill providing an additional $787 billion fiscal stimulus to be used over 10 years - two-thirds on additional spending and one-third on tax cuts - to create jobs and to help the economy recover. Approximately two-thirds of these funds were injected into the economy by the end of 2010. In March 2010, President OBAMA signed a health insurance reform bill into law that will extend coverage to an additional 32 million American citizens by 2016, through private health insurance for the general population and Medicaid for the impoverished. In July 2010, the president signed the DODD-FRANK Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, a bill designed to promote financial stability by protecting consumers from financial abuses, ending taxpayer bailouts of financial firms, dealing with troubled banks that are "too big to fail," and improving accountability and transparency in the financial system - in particular, by requiring certain financial derivatives to be traded in markets that are subject to government regulation and oversight. In November 2010, in an attempt to keep interest rates from rising and snuffing out the nascent recovery, the US Federal Reserve Bank (The Fed) announced that it would purchase $600 billion worth of US Government bonds by June 2011.[3]


Background

Britain's American colonies broke with the mother country in 1776 and were recognized as the new nation of the United States of America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. The two most traumatic experiences in the nation's history were the Civil War (1861-65), in which a northern Union of states defeated a secessionist Confederacy of 11 southern slave states, and the Great Depression of the 1930s, an economic downturn during which about a quarter of the labor force lost its jobs. Buoyed by victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the US remains the world's most powerful nation state. Over a span of more than five decades, the economy has achieved steady growth, low unemployment and inflation, and rapid advances in technology.[4]

Economy

The US has the largest and most technologically powerful economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $47,400. In this market-oriented economy, private individuals and business firms make most of the decisions, and the federal and state governments buy needed goods and services predominantly in the private marketplace. US business firms enjoy greater flexibility than their counterparts in Western Europe and Japan in decisions to expand capital plant, to lay off surplus workers, and to develop new products. At the same time, they face higher barriers to enter their rivals' home markets than foreign firms face entering US markets. US firms are at or near the forefront in technological advances, especially in computers and in medical, aerospace, and military equipment; their advantage has narrowed since the end of World War II. The onrush of technology largely explains the gradual development of a "two-tier labor market" in which those at the bottom lack the education and the professional/technical skills of those at the top and, more and more, fail to get comparable pay raises, health insurance coverage, and other benefits. Since 1975, practically all the gains in household income have gone to the top 20% of households. The war in March-April 2003 between a US-led coalition and Iraq, and the subsequent occupation of Iraq, required major shifts in national resources to the military. Soaring oil prices between 2005 and the first half of 2008 threatened inflation and unemployment, as higher gasoline prices ate into consumers' budgets. Imported oil accounts for about 60% of US consumption. Long-term problems include inadequate investment in economic infrastructure, rapidly rising medical and pension costs of an aging population, sizable trade and budget deficits, and stagnation of family income in the lower economic groups. The merchandise trade deficit reached a record $840 billion in 2008 before shrinking to $506 billion in 2009, and ramping back up to $630 billion in 2010. The global economic downturn, the sub-prime mortgage crisis, investment bank failures, falling home prices, and tight credit pushed the United States into a recession by mid-2008. GDP contracted until the third quarter of 2009, making this the deepest and longest downturn since the Great Depression. To help stabilize financial markets, the US Congress established a $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) in October 2008. The government used some of these funds to purchase equity in US banks and other industrial corporations, much of which had been returned to the government by early 2011. In January 2009 the US Congress passed and President Barack OBAMA signed a bill providing an additional $787 billion fiscal stimulus to be used over 10 years - two-thirds on additional spending and one-third on tax cuts - to create jobs and to help the economy recover. Approximately two-thirds of these funds were injected into the economy by the end of 2010. In March 2010, President OBAMA signed a health insurance reform bill into law that will extend coverage to an additional 32 million American citizens by 2016, through private health insurance for the general population and Medicaid for the impoverished. In July 2010, the president signed the DODD-FRANK Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, a bill designed to promote financial stability by protecting consumers from financial abuses, ending taxpayer bailouts of financial firms, dealing with troubled banks that are "too big to fail," and improving accountability and transparency in the financial system - in particular, by requiring certain financial derivatives to be traded in markets that are subject to government regulation and oversight. In November 2010, in an attempt to keep interest rates from rising and snuffing out the nascent recovery, the US Federal Reserve Bank (The Fed) announced that it would purchase $600 billion worth of US Government bonds by June 2011.[5]

President

  • George Washington (₩) (April 30, 1789 - March 4, 1797)
  • John Adams (₩) (March 4, 1797 - March 4, 1801)
  • Thomas Jefferson (₩) (March 4, 1801 - March 4, 1809)
  • James Madison (₩) (March 4, 1809 - March 4, 1817)
  • James Monroe (₩) (March 4, 1817 - March 4, 1825)
  • John Quincy Adams (₩) (March 4, 1825 - March 4, 1829)
  • Andrew Jackson (₩) (March 4, 1829 - March 4, 1837)
  • Martin Van Buren (₩) (March 4, 1837 - March 4, 1841)
  • William Henry Harrison (₩) (March 4, 1841 - April 4, 1841)
  • John Tyler (₩) (April 4, 1841 - March 4, 1845)
  • James Knox Polk (₩) (March 4, 1845 - March 5, 1849)
  • Zachary Taylor (₩) (March 5, 1849 - July 9, 1850)
  • Millard Fillmore (₩) (July 9, 1850 - March 4, 1853)
  • Franklin Pierce (₩) (March 4, 1853 - March 4, 1857)
  • James Buchanan (₩) (March 4, 1857 - March 4, 1861)
  • Abraham Lincoln (₩) (March 4, 1861 - April 15, 1865)
  • Andrew Johnson (₩) (April 15, 1865 - March 4, 1869)
  • Ulysses Simpson Grant (₩) (March 4, 1869 - March 4, 1877)
  • Rutherford Birchard Hayes (₩) (March 4, 1877 - March 4, 1881)
  • James Abram Garfield (₩) (March 4, 1881 - September 19, 1881)
  • Chester Alan Arthur (₩) (September 19, 1881 - March 4, 1885)
  • Stephen Grover Cleveland (₩) (March 4, 1885 - March 4, 1889)
  • Benjamin Harrison (₩) (March 4, 1889 - March 4, 1893)
  • Stephen Grover Cleveland (₩) (March 4, 1893 - March 4, 1897)
  • William McKinley (₩) (March 4, 1897 - September 14, 1901)
  • Theodore Roosevelt (₩) (September 14, 1901 - March 4, 1909)
  • William Howard Taft (₩) (March 4, 1909 - March 4, 1913)
  • Woodrow Thomas Wilson (₩) (March 4, 1913 - March 4, 1921)
  • Warren Gamaliel Harding (₩) (March 4, 1921 - August 2, 1923)
  • John Calvin Coolidge (₩) (August 2, 1923 - March 4, 1929)
  • Herbert Clark Hoover (₩) (March 4, 1929 - March 4, 1933)
  • Franklin Delano Roosevelt (₩) (March 4, 1933 - April 12, 1945)
  • Harry S. Truman (₩) (April 12, 1945 - January 20, 1953)
  • Dwight David Eisenhower (₩) (January 20, 1953 - January 20, 1961)
  • John Fitzgerald Kennedy (₩) (January 20, 1961 - November 22, 1963)
  • Lyndon Baines Johnson (₩) (November 22, 1963 - January 20, 1969)
  • Richard Milhous Nixon (₩) (January 20, 1969 - August 9, 1974)
  • Gerald Rudolph Ford (₩) (August 9, 1974 - January 20, 1977)
  • James "Jimmy" Earl Carter (₩) (January 20, 1977 - January 20, 1981)
  • Ronald Wilson Reagan (₩) (January 20, 1981 - January 20, 1989)
  • George Herbert Walker Bush (₩) (January 20, 1989 - January 20, 1993)
  • William "Bill" Jefferson Clinton (₩) (January 20, 1993 - January 20, 2001)
  • George Walker Bush (₩) (January 20, 2001 - January 20, 2009)
  • Barack Hussein Obama (₩) (January 20, 2009 - January 20, 2017)
  • Donald John Trump (₩) (January 20, 2017 - )



Nation

American Polities

Neighbouring Nations

See also

United States of America on the United States of America Wiki.

References

  1. ↑ The CIA World Factbook: Introduction - Background
  2. ↑ Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade: United States of America country brief
  3. ↑ The CIA World Factbook: Economy - Overview
  4. ↑ The CIA World Factbook: Introduction - Background
  5. ↑ The CIA World Factbook: Economy - Overview
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